discourage

To discourage means to cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm, with the effect that they become less willing to do something. It is more than just telling someone "no"; it involves diminishing their motivation and making them doubt themselves or the viability of a particular course of action.

You can discourage someone directly by offering cautionary advice or warnings: "I would discourage you from investing all your savings in such a risky venture." This is an active attempt to dissuade them. However, discouragement often happens indirectly through actions or attitudes. A teacher who consistently criticizes a student's efforts might unintentionally discourage that student from participating in class, even without explicitly telling them to stop.

The word implies a weakening of resolve rather than a complete prohibition. Someone might be discouraged from taking a trip due to the high cost, but they aren't necessarily forbidden from going; their desire is simply dampened. It can also apply to oneself—you might feel discouraged after failing an exam, leading you to question your abilities.

Historically, "discourage" comes from Old French and literally means "to deprive of courage." This etymology highlights the core idea: to take away someone's heart or spirit. Whether it is a gentle nudge toward caution or a more forceful attempt to change someone's mind, discouraging involves affecting their internal drive and confidence.